Antitrust Law
AN OVERVIEW OF ANTITRUST LAW (By William Markham, ©2000)
“Antitrust law is the law of competition and is perhaps the least understood law of all. This article provides an overview and explanation of the essential principles of antitrust law….”
AN OVERVIEW OF CALIFORNIA’S CARTWRIGHT ACT (By William Markham, © 2024)
“California’s principal antitrust law, the Cartwright Act (the “Act”), is codified at sections 16700–16770 of California’s Business & Professions Code. Broadly stated, the Act prohibits contracts, combinations, and conspiracies that unlawfully restrain trade in California….”
ANTITRUST EXEMPTIONS AND IMMUNITIES (By William Markham, ©2022)
“Over the years, Congress and the federal courts have established various immunities from federal antitrust law, removing from its reach specified commercial activities and even entire lines of commerce….”
UNLAWFUL PRICE DISCRIMINATION (By William Markham, © 2013)
“In this article I take up the obscure, problematic doctrine of illegal price discrimination, which was codified by the Robinson-Patman Act during the Great Depression, and which the modern, conservative Supreme Court has severely limited….”
CALIFORNIA’S EXPANSIVE LAW ON PRICE DISCRIMINATION
“This article addresses California’s distinctive, expansive laws on commercial price discrimination….”
HOW THE CONSUMER-WELFARE STANDARD TRANSFORMED CLASSICAL ANTITRUST LAW (By William Markham, ©2021)
“Since the late 1970s, antitrust law in the United States has been transformed out of recognition and rendered largely toothless by consumer-welfare jurisprudence….”
ANTITRUST AND FREE MARKETS (BY William Markham, © 2022)
“Some critics of antitrust law treat it as mere governmental overreach and an unwelcome infringement upon the ordinary operations of our free markets. (….) That criticism betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of the very term ‘free markets,’ which refers to markets that are free of any undue restraint, whether public or private….”
Trial Practice and Litigating Cases
MAKING SENSE OF THE RULES OF EVIDENCE AND PRESENTING YOUR EVIDENCE AT TRIAL (By William Markham, ©2011)
“I try in this article simply to set forth a list of simple rules to explain the key points of the law of evidence. I also offer several pointers on organizing evidence in order to present it competently at trial.”
ANATOMY OF A LAWSUIT (By William Markham, ©2007)
“This article is written for non-lawyers, young litigators, and non-litigator attorneys who wish to understand how a lawsuit works in practice from start to finish.”
AN OVERVIEW OF CONTRACT LAW (By William Markham, ©2002)
“Contract law lies at the heart of our system of laws and serves as the foundation of our entire society…. Our society depends upon free exchange in the marketplace at every level. Contract law makes this possible.”
Other Legal Issues
FORECLOSURE LAW IN CALIFORNIA AND RELATED MATTERS
Lenders often require that their loans be secured by real property. If the borrower defaults, the lender is entitled to sell the property to pay the borrower’s entire debt at once. This act of selling the property to pay the borrower’s debt is called a foreclosure: It is the pre-emptive or premature closing of a loan transaction by summary sale of the collateral that secured the loan…
AN OVERVIEW OF PARTNERSHIPS AND LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
This article concerns only partnerships formed in California or under California law. A partnership is merely a commercial endeavor, undertaken by two or more people, each of whom is entitled to a share of its profits and authority in the management of its affairs.
AN OVERVIEW OF CONTRACT LAW
Contract law lies at the heart of our system of laws and serves as the foundation of our entire society. This is not an exaggeration. It is a simple observation – one that too often goes unobserved.

Experience and Leadership in
Antitrust Issues & Litigation
Mr. Markham’s Blog
Antitrust Law Protects Free Markets, By William Markham, © 2025
The Wall Street Journal today published an editorial that rebukes the Trump Administration for filing a brief in support of an antitrust case that challenges an alleged conspiracy by news organizations to suppress information about Covid
Welcome Antitrust Reform Now Pending in Congress, By William Markham, © 2021
Senator Klobuchar’s Bill Really Might Become Law
Senator Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) has proposed a landmark antitrust bill, entitled the “Competition and Antitrust Law Enforcement Reform Act,” which after negotiation and modification might well receive bipartisan support
The Qualcomm Case Isn’t Even a Close Call: Qualcomm Blatantly Misused Its Standard-Essential Patents in Violation of Antitrust Law (By William Markham, © 2020)
The Extraordinary Qualcomm Case
The defining antitrust issues of our time are at stake in the landmark case of Fed Trade Comm'n v. Qualcomm Inc., (N.D. Cal. 2017, Case No. 17-CV-00220-LH) ("Qualcomm"). Qualcomm specifically concerns standard-essential